Overview
Both construction machinery and tractors are currently under Bharat Stage IIIA. While the Automotive Association of India (ARAI) has published a summary of emissions regulations that propose that nonroad emissions standards progress to Bharat IV in 2022 and Bharat V in 2026, this has not yet been codified in law.
Standard type
Conventional pollutant emission limits
Regulating Body
Further detail regarding India’s regulatory bodies can be found on the India Regulatory Background page
Current Standard
Bharat (CEV) Stage III, based on US Tier 2/3
Applicability
Nonroad engines and generator sets
Categories
History
In India, the nonroad category consists of agricultural tractors and trailers, construction machinery, and generator sets. India first regulated non-road vehicles in 1999 with the implementation of emissions standards for agricultural tractors. These standards were tightened over the next decade, and India also implemented separate emissions standards for construction equipment in 2007. With time, India has worked to unify emissions limits for both categories, although differences remain for engines with power ratings lower than 19 kW. In 2011, India tightened all of these standards and based them on the US nonroad emission standards pattern. The test procedure followed is the ISO 8178 C1 cycle (as used in the US). Therefore, though India names its standards using the “stage” terminology used in Europe, in reality its standards follow the US “tier” pattern. Generator sets were first regulated in India in 2004, with a few changes made over the next year and a half to equalize emissions limits for all generator sets operating below 800 kW. Emissions regulations for generator sets with power ratings over 800 kW are treated as power plants and their emissions are regulated as such.1 Emission standards for generator sets are specified in milligrams per normal cubic meter.
Technical Standards
Construction Machinery
Emission standards for diesel construction machinery were adopted on 21 September 2006, and are denoted as Construction Equipment Vehicles, or CEV. The standards are structured into two tiers:
- Bharat (CEV) Stage II – These standards are based on the EU Stage I requirements, but also cover smaller engines that were not regulated under the EU Stage I.
- Bharat (CEV) Stage III – These standards are based on US Tier 2/3 requirements.
The standards are summarized in the following table:
| Engine Power | Date | CO | HC | HC+NOx | NOx | PM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kW | g/kWh | |||||
| Bharat (CEV) Stage II | ||||||
| P < 8 | 2008.10 | 8.0 | 1.3 | – | 9.2 | 1.00 |
| 8 ≤ P < 19 | 2008.10 | 6.6 | 1.3 | – | 9.2 | 0.85 |
| 19 ≤ P < 37 | 2007.10 | 6.5 | 1.3 | – | 9.2 | 0.85 |
| 37 ≤ P < 75 | 2007.10 | 6.5 | 1.3 | – | 9.2 | 0.85 |
| 75 ≤ P < 130 | 2007.10 | 5.0 | 1.3 | – | 9.2 | 0.70 |
| 130 ≤ P < 560 | 2007.10 | 5.0 | 1.3 | – | 9.2 | 0.54 |
| Bharat (CEV) Stage III | ||||||
| P < 8 | 2011.04 | 8.0 | – | 7.5 | – | 0.80 |
| 8 ≤ P < 19 | 2011.04 | 6.6 | – | 7.5 | – | 0.80 |
| 19 ≤ P < 37 | 2011.04 | 5.5 | – | 7.5 | – | 0.60 |
| 37 ≤ P < 75 | 2011.04 | 5.0 | – | 4.7 | – | 0.40 |
| 75 ≤ P < 130 | 2011.04 | 5.0 | – | 4.0 | – | 0.30 |
| 130 ≤ P < 560 | 2011.04 | 3.5 | – | 4.0 | – | 0.20 |
The limit values apply for both type approval (TA) and conformity of production (COP) testing. Testing is performed on an engine dynamometer over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) and D2 (5-mode) test cycles.
The Bharat Stage III standards must be met over the useful life periods shown below. Alternatively, manufacturers may use fixed emission deterioration factors of 1.1 for CO, 1.05 for HC, 1.05 for NOx, and 1.1 for PM.
| Power Rating | Useful Life Period | |
|---|---|---|
| hours | ||
| < 19 kW | 3000 | |
| 19-37 kW | constant speed | 3000 |
| variable speed | 5000 | |
| > 37 kW | 8000 | |
Agricultural Tractors
Emission standards for diesel agricultural tractors are summarized below.
| Engine Power | Date | CO | HC | HC+NOx | NOx | PM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kW | g/kWh | |||||
| Bharat (Trem) Stage I | ||||||
| All | 1999.10 | 14.0 | 3.5 | – | 18.0 | – |
| Bharat (Trem) Stage II | ||||||
| All | 2003.06 | 9.0 | – | 15.0 | – | 1.00 |
| Bharat (Trem) Stage III | ||||||
| All | 2005.10 | 5.5 | – | 9.5 | – | 0.80 |
| Bharat (Trem) Stage III A | ||||||
| P < 8 | 2010.04 | 5.5 | – | 8.5 | – | 0.80 |
| 8 ≤ P < 19 | 2010.04 | 5.5 | – | 8.5 | – | 0.80 |
| 19 ≤ P < 37 | 2010.04 | 5.5 | – | 7.5 | – | 0.60 |
| 37 ≤ P < 56 | 2011.04 | 5.0 | – | 4.7 | – | 0.40 |
| 56 ≤ P < 75 | 2011.04 | 5.0 | – | 4.7 | – | 0.40 |
| 75 ≤ P < 130 | 2011.04 | 5.0 | – | 4.0 | – | 0.30 |
| 130 ≤ P < 560 | 2011.04 | 3.5 | – | 4.0 | – | 0.20 |
Emissions are tested over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) cycle. For Bharat (Trem) Stage III A, the useful life periods and deterioration factors are the same as for Bharat (CEV) Stage III.
Generator Sets
| Engine Power (P) | Date | CO | HC | NOx | PM | Smoke |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| g/kw-hr | m-1 | |||||
| P ≤ 19 kW | July 2003 | 5.00 | 1.30 | 9.20 | 0.60 | 0.70 |
| July 2004 | 3.50 | 1.30 | 9.20 | 0.30 | 0.70 | |
| July 2005* | 3.50 | 1.30 | 9.20 | 0.30 | 0.70 | |
| 19 < P ≤ 50 kW | July 2003 | 5.00 | 1.30 | 9.20 | 0.50 | 0.70 |
| July 2004* | 3.50 | 1.30 | 9.20 | 0.30 | 0.70 | |
| 50 < P ≤ 176 kW | July 2004* | 3.50 | 1.30 | 9.20 | 0.30 | 0.70 |
| 176 < P ≤ 800 kW | Nov 2004* | 3.50 | 1.30 | 9.20 | 0.30 | 0.70 |
| Note: * current standard |
||||||
Engines are tested over the 5-mode ISO 8178 D2 test cycle. Smoke opacity is measured at full load.
| Date | CO | NMHC | NOx | PM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mg/Nm3 | mg/Nm3 | ppm(v) | mg/Nm3 | |
| Before 2003.07 | 150 | 150 | 1100 | 75 |
| 2003.07 – 2005.06 | 150 | 100 | 970 | 75 |
| 2005.07 | 150 | 100 | 710 | 75 |
Concentrations are corrected to dry exhaust conditions with 15% residual O2.
Links
Regulatory Documents
GSR # 371(E), Emission Standards For Diesel Engines Rating Less Than 0.8 Mw (800 Kw) For Power Plant, Generator Set Applications And Other Requirements, 17 May 2002
GSR # 489(E), Emission Standards For Diesel Engines Rating More Than 0.8 Mw (800 Kw) For Power Plant, Generator Set Applications And Other Requirements, 9 July 2002.
Additional Resources
